The Various Forms of Love in Twelfth Night Essay Example For Students

The Various Forms of Love in Twelfth Night Essay Love is arguably the most popular theme for writers and readers alike throughout the entire history of literature. It provides the fundamental framework around which spawn the many other conspiracies and sub-stories that make up an entertaining read. Twelfth Night is no exception to this theory, with love being the focal point, right the way through. Every person in the play undergoes his or her own encounter with love in some form, with each characters experience differing from the next. A multitude of different manners of love are explored in this work, with all having their own consequences and provoking a variety of reactions in the reader. We will write a custom essay on The Various Forms of Love in Twelfth Night specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The play is mainly concentrated on the difference between selfish and selfless love. Probably the best example of the former is Malvolio, Olivias respectable yet conceited steward. In his very first appearance in the play he is accused of being sick of self-love after condemning Festes attempts to cheer up Olivia. He does not enjoy light-heartedness and is constantly criticising Sir Tobys misdemeanours and Festes humour with disapproval, cold and cutting. Throughout the play his language is pompous and superior, even when addressing Olivia. He does not speak in the same manner as the other servants and his expression is more like that of an aristocrat. He seems almost unaware of his inferior social status but the others take some delight in reminding him of it: Go, sir, rub your chain with crumbs (II.3.101). Malvolio often oversteps his position by rebuking the other members of Olivias house, even though both Sir Andrew and Sir Toby are of a higher social status than himself. Led by Maria, a trap is set for Malvolio to uncover him as the overweening rogue they believe him to be. Prior to his discovery of the letter he is overheard by Maria, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Feste and Fabian (who are in hiding so as to witness Maria gull him into an ayword with her letter) speaking his own graces. He has delusions of grandeur and fantasises about one day becoming Count Malvolio, meaning he has intentions on his mistress. He includes in his speech sexual references towards Olivia that anger those watching: Having come from a day-bed, where I have left Olivia sleeping (II.5.41). He has aspirations far above his rank, which seem to justify what the other characters have planned for him: Now hes deeply in. Look how imagination blows him (II.5.37). He relishes the power this would give him over Sir Toby in particular and he imagines giving Toby an austere regard of control whilst instructing him to amend his drunkenness. He manages to personally offend each of the people hiding there in the bushes, which only go to spur them on the more. Upon discovering the letter Malvolio is immediately drawn in. He recognises Olivias handwriting on the front of the letter saying, her very cs, her us, and her ts. In Elizabethan times, cut was slang for the female genitals; so, once again he associates Olivia with sex. His readiness to believe that she loves him is conceited and this, along with the fact that he has overstepped his position on several occasions, only goes to make the joke funnier. When he appears before Olivia, smiling maniacally, wearing yellow stockings and being cross-gartered you realise how out of character the letter has compelled him to be. However, he does this because he believes Olivia loves him and he goes through with the instructions out of care for her. To begin with, Malvolios punishment seems well justified but as the play goes on there is a much darker ring to it and you feel terribly sorry for him. He is kept in a dark cell, treated like an object and made to think that he really is mad: They have here propertied me: keep me in darkness, send ministers to me, asses, and do all they can to face me out of my wits (IV.2.77-79). I feel that the truth should have been known long before the end as Malvolio exits determined to be revenged on the whole pack of you. Throughout his torment, however, Olivia remains concerned for him and her affection for her steward is probably the truest she feels in the whole play. I feel that Malvolio has taken up the role of brother and father for Olivia and this is why she is so anxious for his welfare: I would not have him miscarry for half of my dowry (III.4.56-57). Another character wishing to command Olivias affections is Orsino. He opens the play with a famous declaration of love: If music be the food of love, play on (I.1.1). He is consequently established as a lover of profligate proportions, indulging his hyperbolic passion for a woman who has made it obvious she is not interested. It is apparent that he does not know Olivia as an individual: instead his language is full of amorous clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s and preoccupied with the wonderful masochism of unrequited love: And my desires like fell and cruel hounds, / Eer since pursue me (I.1.22-23). His love is utterly self-absorbed as he is more concerned with himself as a lover than with the alleged object of his love, thus suggesting he is narcissistic. In the opening scene he envisages that he will ultimately be one self king of Olivias affections, signifying a marital hierarchy rather than mutuality. .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b , .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .postImageUrl , .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b , .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b:hover , .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b:visited , .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b:active { border:0!important; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b:active , .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9cc9ffa1f642380afbe8ed00bc846a9b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wizard of Oz Spoof EssayIt is from this self-centredness that Viola is able to nudge him. Telling the story of her sister, she draws his thoughts from his own preoccupations and alerts his attention from his love for Olivia to the possibility of female love. After this intimate discussion with Viola, Orsino does not appear again until the end of the play and by this time, his emotional reliance on Cesario has obscured his love for Olivia. It is for this reason that when he believes Olivia and Cesario to be married, his hurt and sense of betrayal falls not on his worshipped mistress but on his page: But this your minion, whom I know you love, / And whom, by heaven, I swear, I tender dearly, / Him will I tear out of that cruel eye / Where he sits crowned in his masters spite (V.1.114-117). The proposed marriage between Olivia and Cesario shocks Orsino into a declaration of love. However, this time not the usual and self-indulgent idioms of his love for Olivia but a dynamic, fervent, violent desire for Cesario: Ill sacrifice the lamb that I do love (V.1.119). Through Violas disguise, she and Orsino have discussed many subjects and they have got to know one another well before acknowledging each other as lovers: Thou knowst no less but all: I have unclasped / To thee the book even of my secret soul (I.4.12-13). There is, however, a lingering sense that it was the boy Cesario who Orsino fell in love with. His final words to his bride stress the homoerotic foundations of their relationship: Cesario, come- / For so you shall be while you are a man (V.1.362-363). However, in this scene he shows how he has been educated out of narcissistic infatuation and into a relationship based on mutual intimacy. The former object of Orsinos affections, Olivia, is a portrayal of self-denying and self-deceiving love. A great deal is heard about Olivia before her first arrival in the play and this comprehensive introduction is wholly appropriate for a character who is the hub of so many different peoples desires and perceptions: the romanticizing love of Orsino and Sir Andrew, the self serving aspirations of Malvolio, the freeloading of Sir Toby and the satiric wit of Feste. When we are introduced to her she is mourning the loss of her brother and has vowed to deny the love of any man for seven years: like a cloistress she will veiled walk. The veil she wears is a fitting symbol: perhaps we never really know what motivates this woman who first shuns love and then quickly falls in love with Cesario. When Olivia first meets Cesario in I.5, her language changes from being standoffish to warm. They speak in prose, suggesting a relaxed kind of intimacy, and this is stressed when Olivia dismisses Maria and her attendants to be alone with him. Cesario speaks to Olivia as if she was an equal and he even accuses her of being too proud. This freshness, however, only seems to attract Olivias affections all the more. She clearly thinks highly of her own good looks (Ist not well done?) and Orsino is getting nowhere in telling her of them continuously. She relishes the thought of Orsino loving her with adorations, fertile tears, with groans that thunder love, with sighs of fire, as this feeds her vanity but she dismisses him. All the men she has been close to have died and I think this is why she dismisses Orsinos advances and is so warm to Viola-Cesario: they speak as two women although Olivia has not yet realised this. Her urgent desire for Cesario deflected her into an unintended marriage with Sebastian but she does not seem perturbed by her new husbands revelation that she is betrothed both to a maid and a man. I believe that this accidental marriage is a kind of punishment for Olivias excessive behaviour earlier on in the play. This is also evidence that Olivia really is driven by external appearances. There are some parallels between Olivia and Orsino, the principal one being that they both fall in love with Viola. They both equate love with sickness: Orsino talks of his appetite for love sickening and dying and Olivia likens the rapidity of her love for Cesario to catching the plague. They are both sentimental and where Olivia sends Malvolio to run after that same peevish messenger so as to give him a ring, Orsino sends Cesario with a ring for Olivia. Such trinkets can only be seen as sentimental. The manifestation of love evident in Violas character is arguably the only form of true love in the play. Our first encounter with Viola is on the shores of Illyria, believing her beloved twin brother lost in the shipwreck. Throughout the play she is a stranger in a potentially hostile land but in the midst of all her sorrow she demonstrates immense bravery and ingenuity in resolving to dress as a boy and enter the service of Orsino. It appears that she has also lost her father but unlike Olivia she does not respond to the loss by retreating into herself. Viola could be described as the catalyst of the play: she is the go-between for Orsino to Olivia and moves between their households, she has individual conversations with Olivia, Orsino, Malvolio, Feste and Sebastian and, as such, is the major connective energy between the different characters and plot strands. Her arrival breaks up the stalemate of Orsinos excessive and unrequited love for Olivia and helps Olivia break out of her self-imposed mourning. .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 , .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .postImageUrl , .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 , .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265:hover , .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265:visited , .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265:active { border:0!important; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265:active , .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265 .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec39464767bc6f0925e5d55f67e1e265:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parental Conflict between Juliet and her father EssayVery early on in the play, Viola falls in love with Orsino but she still carries his messages of love to Olivia: this is evidence of her immense tenacity. She is not self-seeking but self-sacrificing and her language is always sincere. She speaks the most moving and heartfelt lines about love in the whole play and it is by this that she is able to steer Orsino and Olivia away from their selfishness. Viola tackles Olivias advances as honestly as she can and was Olivia less blinded by her infatuation, she would recognize Violas hints: I am not what I am (III.1.126) and Shall mistress be of it, save I alone (III.1.145). However, Olivia fails to identify Violas double meaning and therefore shames herself at the end of the play. Orsino too does not pick up on Violas subtle insinuations yet he too falls in love with Viola even though he believes her to be a man. The strongest and truest love Viola possesses is that for her brother, Sebastian. When they finally find each other at the end there is an emotional reunion and they seem to completely forget their company. It becomes obvious just how alike they are when Antonio comments they are like a division of one another, an apple cleft in two. It is not until V.1.225 that Viola is addressed by her real name (Thrice welcome, drowned Viola) and thereafter she speaks her own name twice in ten lines. There is a sense, therefore, in which she is not a complete person until she is reunited with her twin. It is interesting that Orsino continues to call her Cesario to the end. Sebastians close friend, Antonio, also demonstrates unwavering and devoted affection for Sebastian. He is the only character in the play who knows who he loves, expresses that love and acts selflessly because of it. He saves Sebastian from the wreck and risks imprisonment by following him into Illyria, he freely gives him money and he offers to take Sebastians place in the duel with Sir Andrew. His actions are all prompted by his affection, expressed in brief soliloquy: I do adore thee so (II.2.35). However, despite all of Antonios devotion, there is no conclusion for him at the end of the play. Sebastian, in the midst of all the celebrations, doesnt spare a single word for this man who has protected and aided him. I think it is fair to speculate that Antonios love may not have been entirely platonic as his feelings carry a vehement undertone unusual between friends. Ultimately, though, Antonio is a victim at the end: Sebastian scarcely seems to register, let alone earn, the self-sacrificing devotion he receives from Antonio. A different form of love we have not yet encountered is that between Sir Toby and Maria. When Sir Toby speaks of Maria, his language is full of sexual references but Maria deflects these remarks fondly with her coy wit. In II.3.149 he calls her Penthesilea and he describes her as one that adores me. They seem to have an understanding of one another and where most women would take offence, Maria takes part in the jovial repartee. Sir Toby seems highly impressed by Marias devising of the trick against Malvolio, so much so that he talks of marriage: I could marry this wench for this device..And ask no other dowry with her but such another jest (II.5.150-152). The true extent of Sir Toby and Marias relationship is not apparent until the final scene where Fabian announces their marriage. Much of their courtship went on off stage but this ending after all of Sir Tobys continuous merry making and over indulgence in alcohol is the perfect conclusion. Sir Andrew Aguecheek is portrayed in the play as a fool. His words almost always echo Sir Tobys: he seems to have no voice or an opinion of his own and is merely a shadow of Sir Toby. He is also a shadow of Orsino in that his absurdly unreciprocated pursuit of Olivia is a fainter version of Orsinos passion. He is characterised as a blundering fool who does not understand Sir Tobys French, who misinterprets words and uses them incorrectly, who must borrow wooing terms from a page and whose masculinity is questioned by Maria: A dry jest, sir (I.3.63), suggesting impotence. Despite this, Sir Andrew Aguecheek is an endearing character and you cannot help feeling sorry for him as there is a hint of a past life lost in his wistful words I was adored once, too (II.3.153). There is a multitude of different manners of love explored in Twelfth Night, all of which bind the characters to its storyline. I feel that in conclusion, Shakespeare wanted to put forward his own version of that romantic clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ true love conquers all, with Viola being true love incarnate. She helps both Olivia and Orsino realise the true nature of love and she, the heroine, is the only character to find complete happiness at the end.

Learning to Love the Bomb Essay Essay Example

Learning to Love the Bomb Essay Essay Example Learning to Love the Bomb Essay Essay Learning to Love the Bomb Essay Essay Essay Topic: Dr Strangelove At first glimpse to the nonreader filmgoer this film looks like an early 70’s feeble effort to demo the farcical side of war. I was prepared from something somewhat humourous and mildly entertaining. However. I was shocked to happen that I was riveted to the plot line during the full film. absorbing so many symbolically charged characters and duologues that I was practically fascinated while I worked out the significances and messages that Stanley Kubric was slyly relaying to me through the medium of movie. Kubric’s movie. Dr. Strangelove: Or How I learned to Love the Bomb. is a black comedy with some really interesting messages about work forces. gender and war. Symbolism abounded in a assortment of signifiers and was so smartly disguised that it took several minutes for the spectator to experience the full impact of Kubric’s message. See the gap scene. set to the background music of really cockamamie love affair music we are introduced to two elephantine military planes in the act of refueling during flight. The first feeling is that of strife. War-time aircraft and love affair music in a scene that lasts what seems likes five full proceedingss. The manager prolongs the scene long plenty for the audience to go leery of the underlying sexual symbolism of two planes copulating before he cuts to his following instantly sexually charged scene of a perfect imitation of a US Army officer. with an tremendous cigar stick outing obscenely from his oral cavity. As the film continues. so do the sexual insinuation. By the terminal of the film Kubric’s message is clear. but it takes clip to construct us up before we reach complete realisation of his intent. which in itself is besides interesting. The first compelling character that we are introduced to is the US Army General and his of all time present cigar. The cigar is evidently a phallic symbol. It rises when the General is excited and sags lamely when the letdown of his work forces overcomes him. He is an interesting character chiefly because of his compulsion with â€Å"bodily fluids† and what he feels to be the infiltration of his â€Å"pure essence† . This is the viewer’s foremost existent hint to the ties between work forces. gender and war that Kubric is seeking to relay. The General’s name is Jack D. Ripper. Taking his name from a sexual psychopathic was no error. Ripper is obsessed with the fact that he can non blurt out during sexual intercourse and attempts to happen the reply to this quandary by faulting the Russians for fluoridizing the American H2O supply. There are several interesting imitations here get downing with the outward visual aspect of ultimate maleness. that of an American Army General. his of all time present cigar. and the tremendous gun he pulls out as he starts hiting at the soldiers that are seeking to salvage him. He is every inch a sexual sociopath. Ripper is more interesting when seen from the point of view that work forces and their obsessional sexual issues wreak mayhem on the remainder of the universe. Ripper’s psychopathologic behaviour leads him to believe that he must take issues into his ain custodies and declare war on Russia. even if that means overruling the President of the United States. He is bound and determined to eliminate anyone who stands in the manner of his sexual disfunction. The General moves swimmingly from faulting others. to quashing himself. right into violent reverberations for himself and everyone else. Closely connected to Jack D. Ripper is an English Officer in the US on an Officer Exchange Program. Although the imitation of the English Officer is humourous. his name. Mandrake. keeps us on Kubric’s way. Mandrake root is an herb that is frequently used in male powerlessness. for virility and as an aphrodisiac. This is interesting because of the interplay between Mandrake and Ripper. Straight-laced. foreign or different. and a spot feminine Mandrake is the complete antonym of Ripper. He besides tries to comfort Ripper that his â€Å"bodily fluids† are absolutely normal and that he has no job utilizing them. Several times Ripper asks Mandrake to assist him feed the tremendous gun he is exerting approximately. and Mandrake’s response is rather feminine when he lays prostrate on the floor impotently. The sexual symbols grow more legion and less hidden as the film progresses. We are introduced to the little group of work forces on the bomber who are sent to transport out the orders. The pilot in charge. Major Kong. plays an interesting function in presenting a different type of imitation of work forces. As opposed to Ripper who was psychopathologic and sexually dysfunctional. Major Kong was the All-American cowpuncher. Honest. naif. and non afraid to acquire the occupation done. There are several scenes in which the major attempts to drop the bombs he is transporting and discoveries that they are stuck. Although his work forces can non pull off to work out the job Major Kong leaves his station at the planes helm and goes to the underbelly of the plane to seek to repair the wiring. He succeeds but when the bomb drops he is siting it. the bomb between his legs. This is the largest phallic symbol used in the film and the sing the pilot’s name. Major Kong. it is no surprise. However. Kubric has the Major ride the bomb to its mark where it so explodes in an tremendous mushroom cloud. The detonation which is evidently symbolic of the conclusiveness of climax and the madness that drives work forces to accomplish that terminal appears to be a perennial subject. The male sex thrust as connected to war is once more driven place by Kubric. Furthermore. he builds on this subject and gives us a footing for understanding with the characters and plotting that occurs in the War Room. It is here that we meet the President. whose sexually illicit name refers to sexual zones of a adult female. and the really vocal Buck Turgidson. The imitation of Buck is absolutely summed up in the significance of his name. The term vaulting horse means stud while the word turgid means swollen. These two chief characters do most of the speaking in a really big room. The President mimics the properties of his female name and is really submissive and feminine. His address is fretful and excusatory on the phone and most of his controversy is with Buck. They argue across a big tabular array and are so far off they practically have to shout to be heard. Buck merely gets excited when he sees chances for devastation whereas the President is ready even to destruct his ain bombers to maintain the peace. The functions of these two characters are symbolic of the male versus female positions. Even the great distance across the room from which they speak contributes to the feeling that they are coming from different points of position. The female position of peace and harmoniousness as opposed to the male position of domination. As a character survey Buck portrays several properties of male domination. He is ever the first to talk. overbearing when he communicates. frequently ill-mannered and junior-grade. ever stuffing tonss of gum into his oral cavity and thwacking obscenely. and moues like a yearling when he is asked to act. He uses tactics to overmaster the others by standing on his chair. glowering rebelliously with those who disagree. and going physically violent to acquire his manner if all other tactic fail. Of all the characters he is most wishful to transport out the war programs. for no other intent than to win. The sexual insinuation associated with Buck relate to the lone female in the film who we meet briefly before he is called into the War Room. Kubric’s pick to do Buck’s love involvement a secretary much younger than himself and who is ever shown barely clad in a Bikini and high heels dramas along with the typical male stereotype. At one point in the film Buck receives a phone call from his kept woman. He tries to guarantee her that he doesn’t want her for her organic structure but â€Å"deeply respects her as a human being. † He so promises he’ll be back shortly to â€Å"take attention of her needs† shortly. Buck besides was unable to hold intercourse with his kept woman before the meeting as he was busy traveling to the bathroom and so was called off. Kubric is mocking the male demand to replace sex for war. Another interesting facet about the war room is the â€Å"Big Board† that is set up as the background. It is an tremendous map of Russia with the locations of all the bombers bleeping around the boundary lines of the state. As the planes are all given the â€Å"go† codification. the blinking visible radiations start their class toward the boundary line of Russia. The first plane to traverse the boundary line will so trip the unwanted reaction of the Russians. This is really symbolic of the sperm’s rushing to the egg. All the sperm racing to be the first to occupy the egg. One of the last characters introduced is Dr. Strangelove. Although he has little do in the film his symbolic presentations are truly Kubric’s implicit in message. First. the name Strangelove is an accurate portraiture of what’s been go oning in the film from the beginning. This unfamiliarity or perversion of love is the kernel of Kubric’s subject. Dr. Strangelove himself has several symbolic issues as a character. First is his inability to maintain his arm from involuntarily toasting Hitler. Second is his sudden remedy from stationariness from his wheelchair when he stands vertical from so much exhilaration. Although both of these Acts of the Apostless are sexually symbolic. the cause for the exhilaration is the disclosure. As the work forces sit in the War Room they discuss the possibilities and reverberations of atomic war with Russia. Dr. Strangelove suggests taking a little community of people and populating in belowground mines. This prospect doesn’t seem appealing until he mentions that in order to animate all the lives lost from the desolation of atomic war each adult male will necessitate to hold ten female spouses. The treatment becomes lively and animated as the work forces imagine the possibilities and so get down to denominate appealing sexual attributes the adult females must possess. Suddenly the immanent day of reckoning that awaits them with the entire obliteration of the planet doesn’t expression so bad with a 10:1 ratio of adult females to work forces. and they find themselves looking frontward to doomsday after all. It seems as though Kubric is seeking to portray the fact that work forces use utmost state of affairss such as war and entire devastation as a tool to open up doors to see sexual phantasies that would otherwise be tabu. Kubric’s jeer of this attitude relays his thought that this is the most farcical thought of all. and all of a sudden the rubric makes perfect sense. The film ends with orgasmic detonation after detonation of H bombs. merely as it began with the arousal of military planes. Stanley Kubric’s penetration and sentiment about the relationship of sexual compulsions. power and war were astutely masked in the symbolism that abounded everyplace in the movie. but even to the untrained oculus his message came through loud and clear. REFERENCES Dr Strangelove or: How I learned to Love the Bomb. Dir. Stanley Kubric. 1964.

Risk Management Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management Week 4 - Essay Example However, business enterprises must be aware of possible risk factors in respect to data integrity, data availability, and data disposal while outsourcing data storage to external providers. Service providers need to manage the data of several businesses, and hence they might host all these data on the same storage server. Under this circumstance, the organization must ensure that its data are not mixed with others’ data and are separated by the application of proper virtualization software so as to enhance data integrity. As Kaur (2007) points out, timely data availability often becomes a challenge while outsourcing data storage to external parties. In order to address this issue, the organization must clearly prioritize its data availability requirements so that the service provider can properly place the data on the server (p. 110). Finally, in order to improve data security business houses must make sure that external service providers no longer store the unwanted or expire d data. When hiring an enterprise service provider for processing information system applications including payroll, workforce management, and sales order taking, organizations actually put a part of their operations in the hands of someone else. If the service provider is not trustworthy, this business practice will dreadfully affect even the survival of the firm. There are many rules and regulations governing the operations of enterprise service providers. Therefore, prior to contracting out a business function, a firm must ensure that the chosen service provider strictly adheres to such rules and regulations. In addition, it is good for companies to choose enterprise service providers who have a strong reputation for their previous business dealings. Experts suggest that an extensive research would assist firms to identify a reliable service provider in this

Adult stem cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adult stem cells - Essay Example Stem cells are responsible for tissue or organ formation during prenatal life, and also for further growth. They are also responsible for repairing and regeneration of internal body system. This internal replenishing system works continuously throughout our life span. These cells display important attributes, which distinguishes them from normal cells. The cell division of stem cell gives rise to new stem cell or turned into specialized cell with definite function such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. In vivo or in vitro stimuli activate these cells to acquire special functions by becoming part of tissue- or organ-specific cells. Stem cells in the gut and bone marrow are at continuous task to repair and replace injured or eroded tissues, and therefore they multiply regularly by a process of cell division. In the organs like the pancreas and the heart, they are generated under certain physiologic conditions (http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp). The ma jor breakthroughs in stem cell research will able to figure out clearly the development of an organism from a single cell. The most of the work is reported on two types of stem cells embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic stem cells. There is a recent introduction of genetically "reprogrammed" stem cell termed as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006. Stem cell therapy is administered through local delivery or systemic infusion, of autologous or allogeneic cells. This aids in restoring the viability or functioning of damaged and malfunctioned tissues (Lu, Zhang & Jin, 2009). Non-embryonic stem cells are also called as ‘adult stem cells’. They are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body of animals and humans in differentiated tissue or organ after the embryonic growth. They are also termed as somatic stem cells which are responsible for building different specialized cell types. These cells play pivotal

Communication and Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Communication and Conflict - Essay Example There was a time when I had placed my homework on my classroom desk, but when I turned around it was gone. My seatmate said the class bully pilfered it when I was not looking, but I was too scared to confront him. I suffered a â€Å"no homework† mark on that day, but I would rather have had that grade than confront the bully. I avoided conflict as much as possible, but most especially with him. There was not much criteria that went into that decision; it was purely fear and a desire for self preservation. I felt that confronting him would only make me a more appealing target for him, so I maintained a low profile, thinking that we won’t be classmates forever anyway. I was glad when the classes were reshuffled and we had different classmates the following year. â€Å"HE SAID, SHE SAID† A Case Study 1. Overview of the case The case deals with a family whose members are currently experiencing conflicts of relationships. The causes of conflict are typical for most fa milies: a teen-ager who tests his parent’s limits, a mother who tends to be lenient towards her son, and a father-figure who has difficulty asserting his authority partly because of his informal role in the family (i.e., as the mother’s fiance). 2. Presentation of the key facts Marie, an adult college student and mother of fifteen-year-old son Lenny, gives him a scolding when he comes home too late without calling. She attempts to impose a 10 p.m. curfew on her son for the next four weekends. Marie resents her fiance Mike’s intervention when he breaks off the scolding and puts off the discussion for the next day. She points out that he has no authority in the discipline of her son. The following day, Marie ignores Mike’s approach at reconciliation, but quickly forgives and forgets her son’s transgression of the previous night. Mike and Lenny leave, both of them forgetting to greet Marie on her birthday. 3. Source of conflict Marie: There are two ru nning conflicts involving Marie, one with Lenny and the other with Mike. The conflict with Lenny has to do with his seeming disregard for her as a person of authority. Lenny coming home late without calling, and getting away with irresponsible acts. At first, Marie was aggressive-assertive in nagging Lenny. Marie used threat of punishment in an attempt, or maybe a guise, to discipline, but even the relatively light penalty of coming home before 10 on Saturdays seemed a tentative punishment, which Marie did not appear to seriously have the resolve to carry out. The following day, she employed avoidance by denying there was a conflict. Marie rationalized her son’s actions by telling herself that he was a good boy and did not do anything really wrong. The second conflict involving Marie is her perception of Mike’s interference in and disapproval of the way she disciplines her son. When Lenny arrived home late, she initially addressed this conflict by competition with Mike . The following day, she used avoidance by being noncommittal when Mike approached to kiss her. Mike: Mike’s source of conflict is Marie’s failure to discipline her son. Uses avoidance, at least when the conflict is still heated and confrontation is high. While he is non confrontational, however, Mike seeks to engage the issues when he perceives that temperatures have gone down. Mike may try to assert himself, but in this situation, being only a boyfriend to Lenny’s mother. Strictly speaking, it is not his place to discipline his girlfriend’

Introduction To Opportunity Cost Commerce Essay

Introduction To Opportunity Cost Commerce Essay It is a very powerful concept when someone has to make a decision to select a particular product or making a choice. In simple words, opportunity cost means choosing or making a best decision from different option. When one has to make a decision in between various actions to select only one particular work at a time is called opportunity cost. Example: From a economist point of view when a kid has to make a decision to choose between ice cream and chocolate at a time. When the kid has got a limited pocket money of $10 only and ice cream cost is $8 whereas chocolate cost is $15. So, the kid will have to select ice cream only as the kid has only limited cash in hand. It is also an example of scarcity too. In this example, there is scarcity of money. NEEDS AND WANTS According to Macpherson (1977, p.27) defines needs and wants as The problem of needs and wants is both an ontological and a historical problem. NEEDS The basic requirement to satisfy human beings desire is included in needs. Needs are a basic necessity which are used in daily life like food, water, clothing, medicine, shelter etc. A mans survival is dependent on these needs only on the primary stage. In a modern society the basic needs keeps on changing according to the society standards. In case of modern society the basic needs of a man may differ from clothing to electricity, food to running water, shelter to furniture, medicine to electronic items etc. After talking about primary needs, secondary needs is the another topic which are needed to be explained. In case of secondary needs the necessity can be regarded as luxury. Like an automobile is a necessity in The United States. As the country grows to progress and development, the luxury too gets into necessity item for the people. At earlier stage cars could be only affordable by rich people. But at present, many of the middle level income people are also willing to afford it. Growth in a countries economy helps one to go beyond his or her limits. WANTS Wants include needs but it goes beyond that. Before we get deep into wants, we should understand the gap between needs and wants. According to Heibroner (1962, p.135) makes the statement that Consumer demand is no longer driven to essentials but hesitates before a whole range of possible luxuries and semi-luxuries. It means that now a days, consumer demand are unlimited and its no longer situated in a stage where consumer use to select between luxury and semi-luxury products. Due to the growth in economy, now most of the middle class people are also willing to afford luxury products. In a few years back was just a dream for them to afford the price for a luxury product. SCARCITY It is a stage when the wants are not satisfied up to the satisfaction of people. When the production is not enough or sufficient, to satisfy the demand for a particular commodity, the problem of scarcity arises. The scarcity keeps on changing from one society to various countries. As the society keeps on developing, the standard of living also gets higher. The demand also keeps on increasing according to the economy of a country and the satisfactory level of the society. So, the resources get scarcer to produce goods and services for the satisfaction of wants. OPPORTUNITY COST According to (Pearce, 1983, p.322) opportunity cost can be defined as opportunity cost can only arise in a world where the resources available to meet wants are limited so that all wants cannot be satisfied. In simple words, we could say that the wants and needs of human being are unlimited. But the resources available in the market are limited. And so, it is not possible to satisfy each and every wants and desires of human being. And thus, the topic opportunity cost arises in a world. Choosing the best alternative when there is scarcity for a particular product, it can be measured in opportunity cost for the satisfaction of the needs and wants. The value of the next best alternative which is available in the market is termed in as opportunity cost. ADVANTAGES OF OPPORTUNITY COST Opportunity cost provides a benefit of choosing one option over another. It may be personal or business related, opportunity cost arises when we select one option over another taking into consideration that the selected option has better advantage comparing with the another option. It helps one to study each and every facilities and satisfactory level of various products similar in nature, when the resources are limited. Opportunity cost provides us awareness towards choosing the best alternative product, which helps one to make fully informed and to make appropriate planning and decision making, which helps to maximize ones resources. Price of a product plays an important role in considering opportunity cost, as it allows us to consider and compare prices between each alternative product and to select the most effective and satisfactory product from the option. DISADVANTAGES OF OPPORTUNITY COST Opportunity cost consumes a lot of time to calculate the features, price, budget, success ratio, satisfactory level etc of a product and many times we do not have time to evaluate the benefits of every product to choose the best alternatives. The biggest disadvantage of opportunity cost from a economist point of view is that the opportunity cost is not considered in accounting process of any company accounts. And so, the cost of opportunity involved in a selection of a particular product and the alternative product which was not selected, cannot be taken into accounts for future studies at all from a financial point of view. PRACTICE OF OPPORTUNITY COST IN REALITY Opportunity cost is calculated everyday by a human being who has the desire to purchase any product available in the market. Whether it may be implicit or explicit cost, it is considered into opportunity cost itself. An example of opportunity cost in case of financial sector is as given below:- A decision maker must study the impact of opportunity costs deeply before making the decision. If we consider a situation of an investor, whether to make investment in stock market or mutual fund investment. If a person makes an investment of $20,000 in Mutual Fund Investment of any company for one year, then he thinks what if he had put the same $20,000 in stock market rather than mutual fund investment. Perhaps he may expect a return of 20% on stock, and then the investor has an opportunity cost of $4000.Mutual fund may only provide a return of 10% ($2000). Then the investor has to consider the risk taking capacity, if he goes directly with stock market. As stock market value keeps on changing from time to time and there is always a risk of losing the money. In case of mutual fund investment, investor finds it more safe and secure for his money. There is very less chance of losing the money as compared with stock market. Hence, the investor may take the decision on the best alternative to invest in after considering the opportunity cost. PRACTICES ADOPTED BY ORGANIZATION IN RELATION TO OPPORTUNITY COST Opportunity cost is very important concept in financial sector. Especially in business progress related strategies. Opportunity cost helps one to examine the details and to make a profitable deal in a business purchase and selling process. The opportunity cost is the value mentioned to the next best choice. When an organization makes a decision to purchase an asset over another, there the organization is transferring the opportunity cost offered by another asset which was not selected. From my personal investigation on use of opportunity cost in business world, opportunity cost helps the organization to manage time with fully efficiency. Opportunity cost helps the organization to manage time with full efficiency. Even the business organization has to analysis which productive material should be purchased or not. Evento study the profitability level of various materials before purchasing it. It helps in a better decision making. Examples of opportunity cost in Business organization: A company has $2 million to spend on a project. The company can decide to invest the money for advertisement purpose of the particular product at the time of launch in the market. If they decide to invest the money in production and to buy machinery and all then the opportunity cost gets lost for advertisement purpose. And if they decide to spend the money on advertisement purpose, then the opportunity cost will be the organizations ability to produce commodity with more efficiently. Another example for business organization is that an organization owns a building in which it operates its function and so, it does not have to pay any rent for the office room space and all. But from economist point of view the business owner might have kept the office space for current use itself or the office space might have given for rent for money. So, that the owner could have earned from the rent but if the owner will not consider or provide the office space for rent then there is a loss in business expenses according to economist view point. But in real life accountant of a business organization cannot provide any loss expenses due to opportunity cost in any accounts. Even though opportunity cost is not considered by the accountants in case of financial accounts and all. But it is very much important for a manager of the business organization to consider opportunity cost in relation to business strategies. A business manager must consider opportunity cost in calculating the opportunity expenses in the organization for analyzing the profitable deals available in the market. It also helps in utilizing limited resources efficiently. CONCLUSION The value of the next best alternative which is available in the market is termed in as opportunity cost. It means choosing or making a decision from different options. From a economist point of view when a kid has to make a decision to choose between ice cream and chocolate at a time. When the kid has got a limited pocket money of $10 only and ice cream cost is $8 and chocolate cost is $15. So, the kid will have to select ice cream only as the kid has limited cash in hand. It is also a better example for scarcity too. When we talk about opportunity cost, we must take scarcity, needs and wants also into consideration. As, the basic needs to satisfy human beings desire is included in needs. Needs are a basic requirements which are used in daily life like food, water, clothing, medicine, shelter etc. A mans survival is dependent on theseneeds only on the primary level. Saying about wants it includes needs but it goes beyond that. Now a days consumer demands are unlimited but the resources are limited. It makes the demand margin to get higher, comparing with supply or resources. Scarcity is a stage when the wants are not satisfied up to the mark. When the production is insufficient to satisfy the demand for a particular commodity the problem of scarcity arises. Opportunity cost provides a benefit of choosing the best option available in the market after concluding the advantages and disadvantages. It also provides awareness towards choosing a product. From a business concern opportunity cost helps to maintain time management to make business decisions. Even opportunity cost involves limitations like consumption of a lot of time and opportunity cost is not considered by accountants.

Mother Natures :: essays research papers fc

Mother Natures â€Å"Time Share†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lake Powell is a family resort for many. Every year at least two million people enjoy its splendor. But I would assume they do not know the trouble that lies beneath. Lake Powell was voted in by a small margin in March, 1956. It was part of the Colorado River Storage Project, also known as CRSP. Ever since it’s beginning, some of the people who helped build the dam have had regrets for what has been done to the canyon. Lake Powell has spurred controversy since its beginning on many issues: environmental problems, water rights, and the energy it generates. But the reservoir has its good points as well. There have been many jobs created and a thriving tourist market that have been the result of the dam. The concern now is the reservoir’s water level. At forty percent it is the lowest we have seen the lake since its establishment. We are not expecting more water due to the drought and researchers say it will not be ending soon. The question is should La ke Powell be refilled? History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1922 the Colorado River Compact was organized. This organization allocated the resources of the Colorado River and its tributaries. The Upper Basin States (Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming) realized that the Colorado River Compact had overestimated the river’s annual flow and wanted to guarantee their water rights. The only way the Upper Basin states saw fit to ensure their water was to literally hold onto their water in reservoirs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1956 brought the beginning of the Glen Canyon dam. But Glen Canyon was not the only site that was being considered as a possible site for the reservoir. Echo Park, in Dinosaur National Monument was another option that was being discussed by the Bureau of Reclamation. The Sierra Club was fighting to keep both dams from being built. In the end they had the choice and traded Glen Canyon for Echo Park (Ritchey).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  June of 1960 brought the beginning of the dam. Five million yards of concrete were poured into the canyon over the period of two years. The construction did not stop until the dam was complete in September of 1962. After Glen Canyon Dam was completed, and to this day, it stands 710 feet with an average water depth of 560 feet when the reservoir is full. The dam stops water for one 186 miles up stream, creating 2,200 miles of shore line (Booth).

Feliks Skrzynecki and Mean Girls

The Poem, ‘Feliks Skrzynecki,’ composed by Peter Skrzyneck, explores a relationship between father and son, and their contrasting experiences of belonging to a new place to call home. My related text, ‘The Perks of being a wallflower,’ a novel composed by Stephen Chbosky, is a story narrated by a teenager who goes by the alias of â€Å"Charlie. † Charlie explains and analyses various scenes in his life by writing a series of letters to an anonymous person whom he does not know personally.When the story begins, Charlie is shy an unpopular, he is a wallflower, but when he decides to be brave enough to talk to the prettiest girl in the school, Sam, his life transforms and he experiences introversion, teenage sexuality, abuse, drug and alcohol use, and the awkward times of adolescence. The opening line of ‘Feliks Skrzynecki,’ ‘My gentle father,’ allows the reader to predict that this poem can not only be considered a noticeable t ribute to the composer’s father, but can also imply a physical journey.This idea of a journey becomes more evident throughout various areas of the poem including the metaphor used is stanza seven, â€Å"After that, like a dumb prophet, watched me pegging my tents further and further south of Hadrian’s wall. † This line allows the reader to understand that the father could foresee the result of his son’s detachment, but chooses to stay quiet to allow his son to learn for himself.The line in stanza three, ‘His polish friends, always shook hands too violently† conveys a feeling of discomfort within the son, it is evident that the son feels detached from the â€Å"violent† ways of his heritage and feels like he does not belong, like he is an outcast. This line strongly relates to a line on page 8 in ‘The perks of being a wallflower’, â€Å"Some kids look at me strange in the hallways because I don't decorate my locker, and I'm the one who beat up Sean and couldn't stop crying after he did it. I guess I'm pretty emotional. I feel these two lines strongly relate because they both explain a feeling of being outkast, they create an uneasy mood in which you are positioned to understand that they don’t feel as though they belong. In stanza six of ‘Feliks Skrzynecki,’ an image of peace, security and belonging is conveyed. â€Å"My father sits out the evening with his dog, smoking, watching stars and street lights come on, Happy as I have ever been,† This stanza creates a harmonious atmosphere through the accumulation of positive images.It conveys a constrast between Feliks’ self sufficiency and Peters discontent. This line also conveys Feliks’ capacity to enjoy a sense of belonging that has come through his experiences of suffering. His mind has been broadened to understand what really matters in life. The line, â€Å"I laid down on his old bed, and I looked through the window at this tree that was probably a lot shorter when my dad looked at it. And I could feel what he felt on the night when he realized that if he didn't leave, it would never be his life.It would be theirs. At least that's how he's put it. ,† from my related text related to the previously mentioned stanza through the sense of their fathers happiness. Both fathers have been through pain and suffering and come to the point where they knew exactly what they needed to be happy, to escape the harsh reality. In stanza one, Skrzynecki writes, â€Å"Loved his garden like an only child, spent years walking its perimeter from sunrise to sleep. Alert, brisk and silent, he swept its paths, then times around the world. The place that Feliks feels most safe is in his garden, it is his sanctuary, it is where he belongs. His experiences of war had led to a chosen state of positive isolation in a safe and secure place that he could control.On page 198, Chbosky writes, â€Å"I laid down o n his old bed, and I looked through the window at this tree that was probably a lot shorter when my dad looked at it. And I could feel what he felt on the night when he realized that if he didn't leave, it would never be his life. It would be theirs. At least that's how he's put it. I feel that these two lines coinside through a sense of belonging, whether it be to a place, a feeling or a memory. At a particular point in time, they were where they belonged. Through evident points, it can be seen that belonging is a feeling of acceptance, as a natural member or part, and that belonging is a basic need for human function and survival. Both texts show a timeline of both good and bad experiences, but convey a feeling of contentness within their chosen ‘homes’ or wherever it is that they feel most comfortable, where they feel they belong most.For Peter, it was his childhood, when everything was easy and nothing hurt. For Feliks, it was in his garden, his only sanctuary and f or Charlie, it was between the two people that made the biggest impact on his life, Sam and Patrick. While the endings to both texts are not overly happy, they challenge the idea of belonging in there own ways and it can be conluded that Social isolation can have negative consequences on an individual or a society and that happiness and belonging go hand in hand. You cannot feel like you belong every second of your life, it just isnt human.

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools Arrowheads are the most easily identified type of archaeological artifact. Most people in the world recognize an arrowhead when they see one: It is a stone object which has been deliberately reshaped to be pointy on one end. Whether theyve personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays, or just watched them being shot into people in old western movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts called arrowheads are the remnants of a prehistoric hunting trip, the spent shotgun shells of the past. But why do archaeologists insist on calling them projectile points?   Arrowheads versus Projectile Points Archaeologists typically call what regular people call arrowheads projectile points, not because it sounds more academic, but because the shape of a pointy stone does not necessarily categorize it as something that was used at the end of an arrow shaft. Projectile is more inclusive than arrow. Also, in our long human history, we have used a wide variety of materials to put sharp points on the ends of projectiles, including stone, wood, bone, antler, copper, plant parts, and other raw material types : Sometimes we just sharpened the end of a stick. The purposes of projectile points have always been both hunting and warfare, but the technology has varied a great deal over the ages. The technology that made the first stone points possible was invented by our distant ancestor Homo erectus in Africa during the later Acheulean period, circa 400,000–200,000 years ago. This technology involved knocking bits of stone off a hunk of rock to create a sharp point. Archaeologists call this early version of stone-making the Levallois technique or Levalloisian flaking industry. Middle Stone Age Innovations: Spear Points During the Mousterian period of the Middle Paleolithic beginning around 166,000 years ago, Levalloisian flake tools were refined by our Neanderthal cousins and became quite numerous. It is during this period that stone tools were probably first attached to spears. Spear points, then, are projectile points that were attached to the end of a long shaft  and used to help hunt big mammals for food, either by hurling the spear at the animal  or by thrusting it into the animal at close range. Solutrean Hunter-Gatherers: Dart Points A great leap in hunting technology was made by Homo sapiens and occurred during the Solutrean part of the Upper Paleolithic period, about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. Known for great artistry in stone point production (including the delicate but effective willow leaf point), the Solutrean people are also probably responsible for the introduction of the atlatl or throwing stick. The atlatl is a sophisticated combination tool, formed out of a short dart shaft with a point socketed into a longer shaft. A leather strap hooked at the far end allowed the hunter to fling the atlatl over her shoulder, the pointed dart flying off in a deadly and accurate manner, from a safe distance. The sharp end of an atlatl is called a dart point. By the way, the word atlatl (pronounced either at-ul at-ul or aht-lah-tul) is the Aztec word for the throwing stick; when Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes landed on the eastern shore of Mexico in the 16th century CE he was greeted by atlatl-wielding individuals. True Arrowheads: The Invention of the Bow and Arrow The bow and arrow, a rather more familiar technological innovation to fans of John Wayne movies, also dates at least to the Upper Paleolithic, but it likely predates atlatls. The earliest evidence is 65,000 years old. Archaeologists usually call these arrow points, when they recognize them. All three types of hunting, the spear, the atlatl, and the bow and arrow, are used today by sportsmen around the world, practicing what our ancestors used on a daily basis. Sources Angelbeck, Bill, and Ian Cameron. The Faustian Bargain of Technological Change: Evaluating the Socioeconomic Effects of the Bow and Arrow Transition in the Coast Salish Past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36 (2014): 93–109. Print.Erlandson, Jon, Jack Watts, and Nicholas Jew. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 162–69. Print.Grund, Brigid Sky. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119.1 (2017): 104–19. Print.Maschner, Herbert, and Owen K. Mason. The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22.3 (2013): 133–38. Print.Vanpool, Todd L., and Michael J. OBrien. Sociopolitical Complexity and the Bow and Arrow in the American Southwest. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Revi ews 22.3 (2013): 111–17. Print. Whittaker, John C. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Eds. Iovita, Radu and Katsuhiro Sano. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. 65–74. Print.

Rehabilitation counseling essays

Rehabilitation counseling essays Rehabilitation counseling enable people to cope and adjust to life situations. If we look at the world in terms of norms, rehabilitation counseling seeks to make every individual apart of that societys norm. In order to truly understand rehabilitation counseling we must first understand what rehabilitation is, where it developed from, and how its being used today. To under stand rehabilitation counseling we must first define counseling. Counseling is a learning-oriented process, carried on in a simple, one to one social environment, in which a counselor, professionally competent in relevant psychological skills and knowledge, seeks to assist the client by methods appropriate to the latter's needs and within the context of the total personnel program, to learn more about himself, to learn how to put such understanding into effect in relation to more clearly perceived, realistically defined goals to the ` end that the client may become a happier and more productive member of his society (1957, p. 36). When rehabilitation is added to counseling the meaning of counseling altered but the basic meaning is kept in tack. The definition is stated as following; Rehabilitation Counseling is a relationship in which a professionally trained individual attempts to help mentally, emotionally, and physically handicapped persons appraise their strengths and weaknesses in relation to their own particular needs so that they may function occupationally, socially, and personally in a more adequate manner. It is concerned with the broader environmental context and how it fosters or impedes access to all areas of living, including medical and rehabilitation services, employment, housing, and social and recreational activities. In Lames terms it means the disability of an individual is nothing but problem that needs fixing with consideration to that person environment along with the social attitudes and physical barriers that are present. To...

Exploring the Practices of Masculinities in School Assignment

Exploring the Practices of Masculinities in School - Assignment Example The author of the article has the viewpoint that the literacy strategies presented to teachers in recent support literature does not support the cause because they are restraining and restrictive. He claims that there is just a little effort towards developing a connection between gender and masculinity. He further argues that current strategies aimed towards building up the levels of boys’ literacy achievement do not move with the school board policy of acknowledging a diverse range of youth identities. The reason is that when more efforts will be driven towards including all youth identities in the scope of safe school policy, the focus on improving the literacy levels of boys will be overshadowed which will result in making the literacy level targeted policies useless for boys. The need is to bring alignment in the safe school policy and initiatives towards literacy achievement levels in order to provide a better environment for boys which they can utilize to improve their academic level while preserving masculinity. The author has begun the article by outlining the need or developing some quick fix strategies aimed towards increasing the learning potential of boys in such a way that they do not go parallel with the efforts towards providing a safe and secure school environment for multiple identities. In the second section of the article, the author has described and analyzed the efforts of Ontario Ministry of Education towards the cause of improving boys’ literacy level. The author has found that current initiatives are not able to accomplish the goal because they do not have the potential to prove their unique identity in front of the safe school policy which brings in together a diverse range of identities under one umbrella. According to the author, the problem is not here in this area. Rather the real problem lies in the fact when gay, lesbian, and other identities will be promoted in schools, the masculinity level of boys will be affecte d, as the behaviors and attitudes of all identities will mix with one another resulting in decreasing the demonstration of masculinity among boys. The author has finally suggested that Ontario curricular activities should be redesigned so that they become closely aligned with the safe school policies in order to help teachers, as well as administrators to work together towards the aim of increasing boys’ literacy achievement level while providing a safe learning environment for all youth identities. Critique of the Article This article by Michael Kehler discusses the efforts of The Ontario Ministry of Education to improve the literacy achievement rate of boys while acknowledging the efforts towards making safe school policy for a diverse range of youth identities, which include gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others. I think the author has picked a good topic to write upon because it has become a need of today to save the masculinity of boys in a sexually diverse society. In t oday’s world, when sexual orientations are changing rapidly both for boys and girls, the need of today is to take steps towards saving the masculinity of boys so that the sexual orientation balance remains intact. Boys have to play hard

The Semai Community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Semai Community - Research Paper Example The individuals in the community share more that only among family. However, everybody in the Semai camp has to share the items or food that they have obtained for the day; including those that were injured or even too sick to be able to take part will be given their share. Nonetheless, this is a good example of a generalized reciprocity whereby one might give something without expectations of receiving something in return, maybe in some way or even some other day. The concept or idea of possession among the Semai is different from that of the West. For instance, in the United States of America, it would be felt that the meat’s owner was the one who brought the animal down. However, among the Semai community, the owner of the meat is the one who unleashed the arrow. In this manner, more individuals have a chance of contributing toward food. They are normally happy to do trade with the others since they lack the means to keep or store food (Laird 18). An individual who possesses meat would wish to exchange with another thing since it is possible that the meat would go bad before he or she would finish it all up. The Semai people have a robustly peaceful image of themselves, they consider themselves as being nonviolent individuals who are not always angered or do harm unto others. They, in fact, sometimes disagree and get angry, but have less violent expressions of fury, and they nearly never beat up their children. These people regard themselves as non-violent, nurturing and dependant; a character that allowed violence would challenge their definition of good value (Peaceful Socities.org 16). Their view of the world and the place of humanity in it does not have any place for aggression.